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  • MXML，Macromedia Flex 标记语言简介 (1)

    2003-11-28

    Tag：技术

    版权声明：转载时请以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息及本声明
    http://samhoo.blogbus.com/logs/53361.html

     

     

    MXML，Macromedia Flex 标记语言简介 (1)

    Christophe Coenraets

    Macromedia Flex 专员 Christophe's Blog

     

     

    [原作]http://www.macromedia.com/devnet/flex/articles/paradigm.html

    [翻译]samhoo（samhoophone@yahoo.com）

    [注]转载请保持全文完整

     

     

    Macromedia Flex(开发代号为 Royale)是一个展现服务器，开发者可以用它来开发新一代的“复杂Internet应用”(RIAs - Rich Internet Applications)。复杂Internet应用融合了桌面应用的可用性和web应用的易于管理的优点。

     

    Flex是一个在J2EE应用服务器或servlet容器安装的展现服务器。它拥有丰富的用户界面组件、用于排布这些组件的基于XML的标记语言，以及可以处理用户交互的面向对象编程语言。这些技术的给我们带来的是：使用Flash播放器渲染复杂Internet应用，使用工业标准和开发者熟悉的方式进行开发。

     

    本文将专注于Flex语言的关键部分。

     

    为了运行本文中提到的代码，你可能需要加入Flex的Beta测试。Flex运行于象Macromedia JRun, IBM Websphere, BEA WebLogic, or Apache Tomcat 这样的J2EE应用服务器之上。Flex未来将支持Microsoft .NET服务器。

     

     

    Flex 语言简介

     

    由于标记语言和面向对象程序设计语言广泛应用，因此，基于这两项技术的Flex语言也将从中获益。

    标记语言是成功的，排布用户界面也相对容易。MXML，由Flex引入的、基于XML的标记语言，将延续其成功。和HTML很象，你可以用MXML来排布应用的用户界面。同为基于XML的标记语言，MXML比HTML有更强的结构，更少的语法歧义。比起HTML，MXML还引入了更丰富的标签集。如：DataGrid，Tree，TabNavigator，Accordion和Menu，这些都是标准标签集中的一部分。你还可以扩展MXML标签，创建自己的组件。此外，二者最大的区别是，MXML定义的用户界面是用Flash播放器运行的，相对传统的基于HTML、页面为中心的web应用而言，这将更具吸引力。

     

    除了排布可视组件，还可以用MXML来定义应用中其他重要方面，如，可以把应用定义为一个web服务的客户，或是在应用中开发动画，用于提示用户进度。

     

    但是，标记语言提供的编程逻辑仍难以满足用户交互的需求。在Flex中，可以用ActionScript编程语言来编写事件监听器来满足此种需求。ActionScript是一种基于ECMA-262标准的、强类型的面向对象语言，和其他编程语言——java和C#很相似，因此也很易于上手。

     

    总而言之，当编写一个Flex的应用时，需要用MXML来设置用户界面，并用ActionScript来编写响应用户交互的逻辑。

     

    作为一个开发者，你可以根据自己的喜好，用自己所熟悉的IDE（比如Eclipes或Intellij）手工编写MXML，也可以使用Flex支持的“所见即所得”开发环境（目前开发代号为Brady）。即使你选择手工编写MXML，仍可使用Flex提供的XML schema，在IDE中为你提供代码提示（code hinting）和代码自动填充（code completion）的功能.

     

    下面例子是一个名为HelloWord.mxml的简单Flex应用的源代码。该应用程序有两个TextInput组件，当点击Copy时，source TextInput的内容就会显示在destination TextInput域中。以下例子显示如何用MXML和ActionScript来创建应用：用MXML定义用户界面，再用ActionScript为Button组件的事件监听器编写拷贝逻辑。

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

        <mx:TextInput id="source" width="100"/>

        <mx:Button label="Copy" click="destination.text=source.text"/>

        <mx:TextInput id="destination" width="100"/>

     

    </mx:Application>

    图1.在HelloWorld程序中将source TextInput的文本拷贝到destination TextInput。

     

     

    Flex开发与部署模型

     

    要开发并部署这个应用，一般要经过以下步骤：

    1.      用你熟悉的IDE或Flex的“所见即所得”开发工具编写HelloWold.mxml文件。

    2.      把该文件部署到应用服务器上。一般可以通过拷贝HelloWorld.mxml到某个web应用的目录下，或将HelloWorld.mxml作为应用的一部分打包到WAR文件中去。

     

    当一个用户首次请求HelloWorld.mxml的时候，服务器会将MXML代码编译为Flash字节码（一个SWF文件）。然后服务器将产生的SWF文件发往客户端，让Flash播放器执行。对同一个MXML文档的并发请求，服务器将跳过编译过程，直接返回相同的编译结果。

     

    如果你对JavaServer Pages比较熟悉，就会发现它们的模型非常相似。就像JSPs被编译为Java字节码(servlets)一样，MXML文件将被编译为Flash字节码。二者的主要不同在于：在Flex中，产生的字节码是在客户端执行的，而由JSP产生的Java字节码（servlet）是在服务器端执行的。通过Flex，你可以将复杂客户端应用无缝的集成到已有的商业逻辑中。

     

     

    使用MXML用户界面组件

     

    拥有丰富的用户组件是Flex的一大特色。除了传统的数据输入控件（TextInput，TextArea，CheckBox，RadioButton，ComboBox等等），MXML还包括了一些高级组件，用于维护结构化数据（Tree 组件）和大数据集（DataGrid 组件）。为了清晰的组织数据及其处理过程，Flex还提供了导航组件（Tab，ViewStack，Accordion等等）。

     

    为了更易于组织用户界面，Flex容器还定义了布局管理策略，用于指明一个组件相对与另一个组件的位置。Flex组件库提供了大量的、可实现不同布局策略的容器。比如，在HBox中的组件将被水平排列，而在VBox中的组件会被垂直排列，而在Grid中组件将以行列的方式进行排列，就象HTML的table一样。View容器中没有定义任何布局管理策略，因此你可以用x，y坐标来指定组件的位置。

     

    下面给出一个在Flex环境下、具有三个面板的传统e-mail界面。HBox容器中的Tree是水平排列的，而VBox容器中的DataGrid和TextArea则是垂直排列的。

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

        <mx:HBox>

          <mx:Tree/>

            <mx:VBox>

                <mx:DataGrid/>

                <mx:TextArea/>

            </mx:VBox>

        </mx:HBox>

     

    </mx:Application>

    图2. 一个用Flex创建的e-mail应用。

     

     

    编写ActionScript代码

     

    Flex语言是事件驱动的。MXML将事件作为标签的属性，你可以为它编写事件监听器。比如，Button组件有一个click属性，ComboBox，List和Tree组件有一个change属性，等等。

     

    对于简单的交互，可以在标签的事件属性上直接编写ActionScript语句。例如，在HelloWorld应用中，存在Button的click事件监听器中的ActionScripts语句，能把source TextInput 的内容拷贝到destination TextInput中。

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

        <mx:TextInput id="source" width="100"/>

        <mx:Button label="Copy" click="destination.text=source.text"/>

        <mx:TextInput id="destination" width="100"/>

     

    </mx:Application>

     

    当逻辑更为复杂的时候，可以定义独立的ActionScript函数，然后在组件的事件监听器中调用。例如，你可以象下面一样，重写HelloWorld应用：

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

        <mx:script>

     

            function copy() {

                destination.text=source.text

            }

     

        </mx:script>

     

     

        <mx:TextInput id="source" width="100"/>

        <mx:Button label="Copy" click="copy()"/>

        <mx:TextInput id="destination" width="100"/>

     

    </mx:Application>

     

    创建一个MXML文件，实际上是创建了一个类。定义在<mx:script>标签中的ActionScript函数是该类的方法。你可以在MXML文件或独立的文件中定义ActionScript函数。选择哪种方法，取决你所在的组织，后一种方法可以对开发团队进行更好的分工。

     

     

    定义自己的组件

     

    在Flex中，你可以从头开始，或通过扩展Flex组件库中已有的组件，来创建自己的组件。创建组件就象创建一个应用一样：用MXML排布用户界面，用ActionScript编写用界面逻辑。

     

    下面的一个例子是，通过扩展VBox类来创建简单的信用卡选择组件。

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:VBox xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

        <mx:RadioButton groupName="card" id="americanExpress"

    label="American Express" selected="true"/>

        <mx:RadioButton groupName="card" id="masterCard" label="MasterCard"/>

        <mx:RadioButton groupName="card" id="visa" label="Visa"/>

     

    </mx:VBox>

     

    组件的名字就是源文件的名字。如，源文件的名字是CreditCardChooser.mxml，组件的名字就是CreditCardChooser，这样，这个标签名就可以用了。下面的例子就用上了刚才创建的CreditCardChoose组件。

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

       <mx:Label text="Select a credit card:"/>

       <CreditCardChooser/>

     

    </mx:Application>

     

    图3. CreditCardChooser应用

     

    界面开发者还能在Macromedia Flash开发环境中创建复杂的可视化组件，并存为SWC文件。

     

    当然，也可以只用ActionScript定义来整个组件，这种方法一般用于定义应用中的非可视组件。你可能会为这样商业对象创建非可视组件——例如，包含客户端逻辑的购物车，或是应用中helper类。

     

     

    数据访问

     

    Macromedia  Flex为面向服务器架构（SOA – service-oriented architecture）而开发。在这一模型中，应用通过与分散在不同地方的服务进行交互，来完成自己的任务。例如，如果创建一个在线旅行应用，你需要与不同的服务进行交互：全球旅馆预定服务，目的信息服务，天气服务等等。这些服务可能以不同的机制来提供，并且来自不同的地方。Flex使你能在客户端汇集信息，并提供三种不同的数据服务组件，以满足对服务提供者进行特定数据访问的需求：WebService组件，HTTPService组件（一般使用XML通过HTTP进行数据访问）以及RemoteObject组件。MXML允许你用相应的WebService, HTTPService, and RemoteObject标签来设置与服务的连接。

     

     

    数据绑定

     

    在许多语言中，如何在用户界面控件中显示后台数据，是件令人头疼的事情，而且非常容易出错。收集用户在控件中输入的数据，并传给远程服务也常常是件乏味的事情。

     

    Flex的特色之一，就是提供了双向的数据绑定机制：你可以将用户界面控件绑定到服务调用的数据结果集上，反过来，也可以将服务的参数绑定到用户界面控件输入的值上。

     

    下面是一个简单的股票报价应用。例子使用了WebService标签来设置与XMMethods提供的股价web服务进行连接。这个例子阐明了Flex的双向绑定功能。

    • getQuote方法的symbol输入参数被绑定到symbol TextInput组件上。
    • quote标签被绑定到getQute方法的调用结果上。

     

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>

     

    <mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.macromedia.com/2003/mxml">

     

        <mx:WebService id="wsStock"

    wsdl="http://services.xmethods.net/soap/urn:xmethods-delayed-quotes.wsdl">

     

            <mx:operation name="getQuote">

                <mx:request>

                    <symbol>{symbol.text}</symbol>

                </mx:request>

            </mx:operation>

        </mx:WebService>

     

        <mx:Label text="Enter a symbol:"/>

        <mx:HBox>

            <mx:TextInput id="symbol"/>

            <mx:Button label="Get Quote" click='wsStock.getQuote.send()'/>

        </mx:HBox>

     

        <mx:Label id="quote" fontWeight="bold">{wsStock.getQuote.result}</mx:Label>

     

    </mx:Application>

     

    图4.股价应用

     


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